RAMAYANA TATTOOS

Let us look at the most prominent Grammer works on Kannada Language.

850AD
Kavirajamarga written by the Rastrakuta king Nripatunga

990AD
Chhandombuddhi (Ocean of Prosody) by Nagavarman I, Still used as reference , in the account of Vritta Meters each verse is composed to be example of the meter described.

1152-1173 AD
Sumanobana Grammarian (work Lost)

1150AD
Sabdasmruti
Kavyavalokana
Karnataka-bhasa-bhusana all by Nagavarman II

1150AD
Udayadityalankaram, by Choda prince Udayaditya , 75 stanzas on the art of poetry.

1235AD
kabbigara kaava,by Anandaya , a work written entirely without tatsamas

1260AD
Sabdamanidarpana by Kesiraja, which describes language in 322 sutras arranged in eight chapters

1268- 1368
Vedanta Desika by Bhatta Akalankedva, a Jain Pandit wrote a grammar of Kannada in Sanskrit along with a commentary

1500AD
Madavalankara by Madava chief of Hiriyur , Kuntala. A commentary on Dandin Kavya darsa.

Kavi jivha Bandhana by Eshwara Kavi on prosody , rhetoric and other subjects.

1530AD
Kabbigara Kaipidi or poets vadi-mecum by Linga. A dictionary of synonyms in 99 verses , to understand poetry by Saiva saints.

1533AD
Kavya Sara by Abhinava vadi vidyananda

1550AD
Rasa Ratnakara by Salva , Complete treatise on drammatical composition.

1600AD
Navarasalankara by Timma. On Rasa and rhetoric ornaments.

1604AD
Karnataka sabdanusanam by Bhattakalam Kedeva in Sanskrit

1700AD
Apratima vira Charitra by Tirumalayengar

1817 AD
Kurnata Language by Rev, William Carey D D

1820AD
A Grammar of the Carnataka Language by John McKerrell

1861-62AD
Canarese First and Second  Books for Natives by Rev. S. Rice

1864AD
Canarese Grammar by Hodson, T

1882AD
A Grammar of the Modern Kanarese Language by Krishnamacharya

1903AD
Grammer of kannada Language by kittel in English

1933AD
Kannada Madhyana Vyakaran by T. N. Sreekantaiya
Shabdadarsha by B. Malappa

1941 AD
A Grammar of the Oldest Kanarese Inscriptions by Narasimhia, A.N

1946AD
Kannada Madyama Vyakarna by sreekantiya
Historical Grammer of Old Kannada by G.S. Gal

1950AD
A Kanarese Grammer by Harold Spencer in English

1958AD
An outline of colloquial kannada by William Bright in English

1961AD
Structure of Kannada by R.C. Hiremaths
Kannada in T.T. Sebook, Ed. Current Trends in Linguistics by H.S. Biligiri

1962AD
Elementary Kannada by W. McCormack

1963AD
A Generative Grammer of Kannada by A K Ramanujam in English

1965AD
Co-existent phonemic systems and an Old Kannada grammar by Nayak, H.M

1983AD
A Reference grammer of Spoken Kannada by Harold schiffman in English

D. L . Narasimhachar , T.N. Sreekantaiya have done Commendable work on Kannada Grammer.

Other notable grammer works include analysis by Ulrich (1968), M V Nadkarni(1970), Amritavalli(1977), Shankarabhatt(1978), Seetharamaiah (1979) , Thirumallesh (1979), kushalappagowda(1986) , S. N. Sridhar(1991)

Dissertation on Mysore and Dharwar Dilects by M.R. Ranganath

Nijaguna Sivayogin attempted to compile the first encyclopedia in Kannada in his Vivekachintamani.

General Linguistics and Philogical studies

Sharadeya Sansara by R. V. Jahagirdar

Kannada Bhasha Shastra by R.Y. Dharwadkar

Namma Nudi by Master Venkateshaiyengar

Dravida Bhasha Vignana by B. Nagarjaich

Bhashavijnanda Multatvagalu by K. Chidandnmurti

Kannada had a Buddhist literary period apart from Jain literary period before the literature we have at present. Buddhist period works have not survived ,but some of the jain works have survived. Many of the Kannada Jain works were thrown into Tunga by Adi-Sankara. Some of the earlier works has been mentioned by later day scholars.

Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the Kavirajamarga are not yet traced. Some ancient texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are

All Early Kannada Writers regularly mention three great poets of Kannada. They are Samanta bhadra(met Hien Tsang), kaviparameshthi (kavisvara,kaviparameshvara), Pujyapada(Devanandi 6th century AD). The Sanskrit works of these authors have survived ,but none of Kannada works ahve survived.

Kavirajamarga refers to early writers such as King Durvinita of the sixth century Bharavi's Kiratarjuniya, Sabdavarta by Durvinita(529 - 579AD) commentary on Panini Grammer. Nagarjuna, Jayabandhu belong to same period.

Ravikirti, the author of the Aihole record of 636 AD. RaviKirti claims to have reached the heights of Kalidasa in fame and bharavi in poetic skill.


Prabhrita (650 AD) by Indranandhi Syamakundacharya

Chudamani (Crest Jewel-5th century AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (Tatwartha-mahashastra).

Lokapala may be connected with Lokaditya  son of Bankarasa (7th century AD) after whom Bankapura is named.

Vimala or vimalachandra is mentioned in Sravanabelagola inscription.

Jain Kannada Works by SamantaBhadra(1st century AD), Pujyapada(7th century AD), Akalankha(7th century AD) have been lost.


Karnateshwara Katha, a eulogy for King Pulakesi II, is said to have belonged to the seventh century

Works of Authors Asaga, Gunanandi, Nagarjuna and Vimalodaya are lost.

Literary forms such as Bedande and Cattana, which are forms of Padugabba (song Verse) are no longer available and we dont know about the extent of literature lost with that.

Gajastaka, a work on elephant management by Ganga King Shivamara II, belonged to the eighth century. ‘Gajashtaka’ is perhaps the first written work in Kannada making use of Tripadi meter. This is also the first ‘Ashtaka’ kavya in Kannada. The reference to ‘Ovanige’ and ‘onakevADu’ in the context of ‘Gajashtaka’ makes them at least as ancient as ‘Gajashtaka’. This gives us some gleanings about the folk meters of that period. Shivamara has written ‘Gajamatha Kalpana’ in Sanskrit and ‘Sethubandha’ in Prakrit. shivarama II  was a scholar in many branches of knowledge such as ethics, archery, grammar, poetry and the art of looking after horses and elephants. This fact is documented in an inscription found at Nelamangala in Bangalore district. Another inscription found in Humacha, (Panchabasti Shilashasana) tells us that the ‘Gajashtaka’ written by Shivamara, was as popular as ‘OnakevADu’ and ‘Ovanige’.

Guna-gankiyam (800AD) author unknown, A Tamil Jain poet Amritasagara says in his work yapparungalakkarigai(11th century AD) that he adopted some of the characteristics of this work.

Chandraprabha-purana by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of King Amoghavarsha I, is ascribed to the early ninth century.

Kavisara or  kaviparameshthi can be identified from Prasasthi in Uttrapurana and Chamundapurana. Pandita chandra may be ChandraBhatta mentioned by Keshiraja

Nirpatunga mentions several kannada authors who preceded him - Vimala, Udaya, Nagarjuna, JayaBandhu and Durvinita as the best writers of kannada prose and Srivijaya, Kavisvara, Pandita , Chandra ,Lokapala as the best writers in Kannada poetry. AvantiSundarikathasara, discovered by Madras oriental manuscripts library gives a clue about the date of Durvinita. Durvanita is Ganga King , contemproary of Kubja Vishnuvardhana (Eastern Chalukya king and brother of Pulikesin) and Simhavishnu(Pallva king ).

Buddhist commentators of the tenth century CE (in the commentary on Nemrinatham, a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished before fourth century AD. And Aspires Tamil Literature to make to the standards of Kannada literature.

Cholapalaka Charitam,  Sri Chitramale, Subhadraharanam,  Prabodhachandram,  Kiratam(or Kiratarjuniyam) mentioned by Keshiraja himself are now lost.

Sources
Classical Kannada